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[CAS - C003] Principle of motor learning

記得有一次,同同屆同學食晚飯,有以下對話:

小弟:「有冇聽過principle of motor learning?」 同學們:「係咩嚟架?」 小弟:「即係motor learning principle。」 同學們:「嘩哈哈哈哈哈,咁即係咩!!!!!!!」


真係非常唔好意思,通常放工,個腦嘅RAM 都唔多夠力load 一大堆野出嚟,我諗大家都會明白。咁就趁我啲RAM仲好勁嘅時候,打一個post,等大家咩時間都可以睇可以消化。

Principle of motor learning (PML; Schmidt, 1991) 係一套用於motor control 同 motor learning 嘅理論。一直以嚟都用喺non-speech 嘅學習上面。近年,開始有言語治療師及研究員嘗試用喺speech motor learning 上面。當然,係想針對有motor speech disorders 嘅病人啦。CAS 小朋友都係研究對象之一,喺不同嘅研究入面,發現以下幾項,對CAS treatment 係好重要:

1. treatment intensity: 一星期兩節治療比一節好 (Namasivayam et al., 2015); 2. practice amount: 每15分鐘100次練習比30-40次好(Edeal & Gildersleeve-Neumann, 2011); 3. Practice schedule: Block practice 有效(Maas & Farinella, 2012),random practice 有效 (Skelton & Hagopian, 2014),兩者共同使用亦有效(Edeal & Gildersleeve-Neumann, 2011); 4. Feedback frequency: 在治療的過程中逐步減少回饋有助學習語音 (Maas, Butalla, & Farinella, 2012); 5. feedback type: knowledge of results (KR) 及 knowledge of performance (KP) 相信都是重要的回饋 (Maas et al., 2008); 6. Practice variability: 在早期的治療中,練習constant嘅目標會有效於學習speech movements (Maas et al., 2008)。


所以,在設計CAS 的treatment 時,有很多地方都需要注意,個人會有以下建議:

1. 如果你嘅setting容許,提議一星期上兩節言語治療課; 2. 每節治療課,為CAS小朋友訂立不多於兩個的目標字; 3. 最初以block practice 模式進行,即完成一個目標字的練習後,才開始練習另一個。如果小朋友掌握了兩個以上的目標字,你可以開始考慮用random practice; 4. 每個目標字,練習次數以一每15分鐘100次為標準; 5. 早期的治療,需每次給予回饋。其後可逐步減少,如每讀三次一次回饋。


可能你睇到呢個建議會覺得,嘩,15分鐘100 次,好多喎。但其實除返開每分鐘只係7次,係絕對有足夠時間架。另外,有啲治療師會覺得一堂只練習兩個目標字?進度咪好慢?無錯,CAS 同一般SSD真係好唔同,如果你一堂比十幾二十個字佢讀,反而未必學得到。CAS嘅treatment 就係咁,每堂要快手快腳練好多次,但整體治療就唔可以急。我最初做嘅時候都用咗啲時間說服自己,再解釋比家長知。


咁目標字係點揀架呢?有啲治療又話做類似DDK嘅repetition 練習,咁其實係想做咩架呢?咁如果小朋友都真係讀唔到,有咩cue 可以用呢?仲有,如果個仔有behaviour problem,點樣可以令佢專心讀到咁多次呢?通常CAS 仔都一定會有少少langauge 嘅問題,究竟speech 同language 應該點樣分配嚟做呢?我相信仲有好多類似呢啲嘅問題,我會逐一post 文章解答,敬請關注。




References: Edeal, D. M., & Gildersleeve-Neumann, C. E. (2011). The importance of production frequency in therapy for childhood apraxia of speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(2), 95–110.

Maas, E., Butalla, C. E., & Farinella, K. A. (2012). Feedback frequency in treatment for childhood apraxia of speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 21(3), 239–257.

Maas, E., & Farinella, K. A. (2012). Random versus blocked practice in treatment for childhood apraxia of speech. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 55(2), 561–578.

Maas, E., Robin, D. A., Hula, S. N. A., Freedman, S. E., Wulf, G., Ballard, K. J., & Schmidt, R. A. (2008). Principles of motor learning in treatment in motor speech disorders. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17, 277–298.

Namasivayam, A., Pukonen, M., Goshulak, D., Hard, J., Rudzicz, F., Rietveld, T.,…van Lieshout, P. (2015). Treatment intensity and childhood apraxia of speech. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 50(4), 529–546.

Schmidt, R. A. (1991). Motor learning and performance: From principles to practice. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Skelton, S. L., & Hagopian, A. L. (2014). Using randomized variable practice in the treatment of childhood apraxia of speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 23(4), 599–611.

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This is an excellent clinical article. Especially like the term "diagnostic treatment." https://leader.pubs.asha.org/do/10.1044/leader.FT...

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